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Title: PHE-11, Modern Physics
Institution: Indira Gandhi National Open University, India

Level:

Degree.

Description:
So far students' study of physics has been restricted to the classical domain - the laws of nature that they have studied are the laws of classical physics. This means that they have studied physical phenomena in the macroscopic world, and, in particular, their gross features. For example, using these laws, the motion of a macroscopic system consisting of pulleys, flywheels, levers, etc. can be described if the relevant parameters viz. the density and modulus of elasticity of the material are given. However, if students ask why the densities and elastic constants have the values they have, the laws of classical physics are silent. Similarly, if we wish to know why sodium vapour emits yellow light, what makes the sun shine, why the uranium nucleus disintegrates spontaneously or what happens when objects travel at speeds close to the speed of light, classical physics does not provide us the answers. We then turn to new areas of knowledge, namely, the special theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and nuclear physics. These are the most remarkable intellectual creations of the early twentieth century physics.

These areas of physics embody concepts which are foreign to our everyday experience. To give a feel for this we are presenting to students two adventures of Mr. Tompkins, the hero of Gamow's Mr Tompkins in Wonderland. George Gamow is a well known physicist of this century.

Mr Cyril George Henry Tompkins, after listening to a popular lecture on the theory of relativity, dreams of a visit to a fantastic city in which the speed of light is only 25kmh-1. What does he observe there? At first, nothing unusual seems to happen around him - a policeman standing on the corner looks as policeman usually do! The streets are nearly empty. But when a cyclist coming down the street approaches Mr. Tompkins, he is absolutely astonished. For, the bicycle and the man on it appear unbelievably flattened to him. When the clock strikes twelve, the cyclist, who seems to be in a hurry, pedals harder. Though he does not gain much in speed, he appears flattened even more. Mr. Tompkins decides to overtake the cyclist and ask him about it. He borrows a bicycle and pedals on it hoping to get flattened. But amazingly, nothing happens to him. Instead, the picture around him changes completely. The streets grow shorter, the windows of the shops begin to look like narrow slits and the policeman on the corner becomes the thinnest man he had ever seen!

In another adventure, Mr. Tompkins dreams of going to a land where the value of Planck's constant is very high. He goes hunting in a forest. When he encounters a tiger, much as he tries, he cannot shoot it - for the tiger is spread out in space and appears as one too many to Mr. Tompkins.

What topsy turvy worlds Mr. Tompkins visits in his dreams! And what weird experiences he has! We are sure students will be interested in finding explanations to these happenings in Mr. Tompkins' dream world. This course will help them to do so.

Block 1: The Special Theory of Relativity:
1. Emergence of special relativity
2. Relativistic kinematics
3. Relativistic dynamics

Block 2: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics:
4. Wave-particle duality
5. Matter waves and uncertainty principle
6. Schrodinger equation
7. Observables and operators

Block 3: Application of Quantum Mechanics to Some Systems:
8. Some simple systems
9. Spherically symmetric systems: hydrogen atom
10. Atomic spectra
11. X-ray spectra

Block 4: Nuclear Physics:
12. Radioactivity
13. The Nucleus
14. Applied Nuclear Science
15. Elementary Particles.

Assessment is by two assignments (30%) and a final examination (70%).

Programmes for which this course is required or in which it can be included:
Bachelor of Science.


Languages:

English and Hindi

Media and methods employed: Printed text, tutorial support, study centres.
Contact programme.

Administrative information:
This is a 4 credit course. A credit is approximately 30 hours of study. 120 hours of study will therefore be required on this course.

Classification:

070430 PHYSICS


Date: 23 July 1998 bb
Source: 1997 Institution Update

© 1999 International Centre for Distance Learning, The Open University


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